DICTATIONS SECOND SENIORS (19,20,21)
Troglodytes
Troglodytes is the name given to cave dwellers, which means people who live in caves. Do you know that there are millions of people who live in caves? These numbers do not count those who work in underground laboratories, or at other jobs which involve living underground . Some people live underground because they are following the paths of their ancestors. Others desire to move underground in order to avoid overcrowded cities and ground surface pollution. And there are still others who think it is a way to survive in the event of an enemy attack or nuclear holocaust.
There are several advantages to living in a home under the ground. First of all, a cave home maintains an even temperature all year round. Building a cave home is relatively inexpensive. and cheaper than building a home above the ground. These homes can have all the amenities of a regular house, such as plumbing, electricity and gas ducts. People live in homes like these in several parts of the world, such as China, Spain, Tunisia, Australia, Morocco, Afghanistan, Italy and France.
The Toilet: A Useful Invention
Although John Harrington, godson to Queen Elizabeth I was the first person to invent an indoor water closet for his godmother in 1596, simple toilets had been used since Babylonian times. After Harrington made one for the Queen and one for himself, he never made another one, and his invention was forgotten for almost 200 years. In 1775, a London watchmaker named Alexander Cummings patented the forerunner of todays toilet.
The British word for toilet, loo, derives from the French garde a leau!. In medieval Europe, people had little conception of hygiene, and used to throw the contents of their chamber pots out of the window into the street below. In France, people would precede this action by garde a leau!, which means watch out for the water!. In England, this phrase was Anglicised, first to gardy-loo, then just loo, and eventually came to mean the toilet itself. The American word for toilet, john, is called after John Harrington. Curiously, toilet paper is believed to have been introduced in China around 850, long before the introduction of the toilet as we know it.
Henry VIII and his Six Wives
Henry VIII married six times. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. They had a daughter, Mary. Henry divorced Catherine because she could not give him a son, but as she was Catholic, this led to a break with the Church of Rome, and by doing this, changed Britains social and cultural life forever. Catherine and Mary were kept prisoner for many years in different castles and homes in England.
His second wife was Anne Boleyn, whose daughter later became Elizabeth I. Unfortunately Anne was beheaded on a charge of treason and adultery. His third wife, Jane Seymour, bore him a son, who later became Edward VI. Next, Henry married a Protestant princess, Anne of Cleves, who was of Flemish origin, for purely political reasons, although he quickly divorced her because he felt tricked by the unrealistic portrait he had been sent of her. His fifth wife was Catherine Howard, who was convicted of adultery and executed. His last wife was Catherine Parr, who luckily outlived him.
Troglodytes is the name given to cave dwellers, which means people who live in caves. Do you know that there are millions of people who live in caves? These numbers do not count those who work in underground laboratories, or at other jobs which involve living underground . Some people live underground because they are following the paths of their ancestors. Others desire to move underground in order to avoid overcrowded cities and ground surface pollution. And there are still others who think it is a way to survive in the event of an enemy attack or nuclear holocaust.
There are several advantages to living in a home under the ground. First of all, a cave home maintains an even temperature all year round. Building a cave home is relatively inexpensive. and cheaper than building a home above the ground. These homes can have all the amenities of a regular house, such as plumbing, electricity and gas ducts. People live in homes like these in several parts of the world, such as China, Spain, Tunisia, Australia, Morocco, Afghanistan, Italy and France.
The Toilet: A Useful Invention
Although John Harrington, godson to Queen Elizabeth I was the first person to invent an indoor water closet for his godmother in 1596, simple toilets had been used since Babylonian times. After Harrington made one for the Queen and one for himself, he never made another one, and his invention was forgotten for almost 200 years. In 1775, a London watchmaker named Alexander Cummings patented the forerunner of todays toilet.
The British word for toilet, loo, derives from the French garde a leau!. In medieval Europe, people had little conception of hygiene, and used to throw the contents of their chamber pots out of the window into the street below. In France, people would precede this action by garde a leau!, which means watch out for the water!. In England, this phrase was Anglicised, first to gardy-loo, then just loo, and eventually came to mean the toilet itself. The American word for toilet, john, is called after John Harrington. Curiously, toilet paper is believed to have been introduced in China around 850, long before the introduction of the toilet as we know it.
Henry VIII and his Six Wives
Henry VIII married six times. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. They had a daughter, Mary. Henry divorced Catherine because she could not give him a son, but as she was Catholic, this led to a break with the Church of Rome, and by doing this, changed Britains social and cultural life forever. Catherine and Mary were kept prisoner for many years in different castles and homes in England.
His second wife was Anne Boleyn, whose daughter later became Elizabeth I. Unfortunately Anne was beheaded on a charge of treason and adultery. His third wife, Jane Seymour, bore him a son, who later became Edward VI. Next, Henry married a Protestant princess, Anne of Cleves, who was of Flemish origin, for purely political reasons, although he quickly divorced her because he felt tricked by the unrealistic portrait he had been sent of her. His fifth wife was Catherine Howard, who was convicted of adultery and executed. His last wife was Catherine Parr, who luckily outlived him.
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